A bilateral graph is a histogram that can display different information such as location and amount, on one histogram. They are very useful in side-by-side comparisons. This is a bilateral graph of peoples approval of China's leadership and where the opinion is coming from.
The lorenz curve helps to visualize the cumulative distribution function, and it used mostly in economics. It is most commonly used to show the way income is distributed, and it usually represents the bottom % of households and the amount of money that they receive. 
Scatterplots are used to graph data using the cartesian plane. The data is all selected with the point on the x axis determining where on the y axis the points will fall. All of the individual points graphed together help to give a view of how the data reacts overall.
The population profile is a way to chart data and characterize it in terms of a persons age. Usually it will represent all of the people in the population, and then it will highlight a smaller and more select group. This graph also can help to show how this group is affected over time and with different age groups.
Climographs help to chart the amount of precipitation and the temperature of a certain place over an extended period of time. The amount of precipitation is given by the bar graphs, while the temperature is charted by the line graph. This helps to try and draw conclusions about a correlation between the two. 
The triangle plot is a way so judge how three variables react in relation to each other. The three variables are represented by each side of the triangle and the plots on the inside show how much each variable is represented in the data. This is most commonly used in geology, with the example showing soil composition in different areas, represented by the smaller red triangles.
The parallel coordinate graph is a way to plot a number of different data responses on the same graph. The graph consists of multiple over-lapping line plots that show how similarly the data reacts. This can be most effectively used to see how certain small groups react in relation to how the larger group of data acts as a whole.
Isopleths uses different colors in different spatial areas to represent a numercal scale and its coordinating value. This map represents the different Hydrogen Ion concentrations from across the US.